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Exported across the world might create a serious controversy. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection into the host undergoes a huge number of complex repli-cative machineries which remains unclear. Understanding the mechanism (s) of replication and mode of infection of SARS-CoV2 to human cells will help us in the development of novel vaccines or drugs for the eradication and prevention of the disease. This review compiles the knowledge of SARS-CoV2 rep-licative machinery, mode of infection to the human cells and the development of drugs and vaccines which are currently under clinical trials.Copyright © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
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BACKGROUND: Recurrent outbreaks of respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, 2012) including the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (2019) pandemic warrants for a single-broad-spectrum vaccine against these respiratory viruses. METHOD(S): In the present study, phylogenetic analysis followed by in-silico identification of vaccine candidates for SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 was performed by exploiting T-cell and B-cell mapping to ascertain the best possible epitopes for effector humoral- and cell-mediated immune response. Further, population-coverage analysis of the identified epitopes followed by the designing of chimera of epitope-based vaccine was done using linkers and adjuvants. Docking study was done to appraise the interaction of the proposed vaccine with ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme-2) receptor (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) and HLA-B7 (human leukocyte antigen) receptor (MERS). The stability of the vaccine chimera was confirmed by molecular dynamics performed for 20 ns;this was followed by codon optimization and in-silico cloning. RESULT(S): Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarity among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and bat SARS-like coronavirus. Both, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were from different class than MERS, whereas SARS-CoV-2 showed more relatedness with Bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The most suitable epitopes found were LSFELLNAPATVCGP (SARS), LVTLAILTALRLCAY (SARS-CoV-2) and YTSAFNWLL (MERS) with nearly 98% population coverage. Molecular docking followed by simulation studies revealed high number of hydrogen bonds, stable RMSD values and acceptable RMSF flexibility scores, indicating stable interactions of the vaccine with ACE2 and MHC receptors (Major histocompat-ibility complex). Expression of the designed multiepitope vaccine in E. coli (Escherichia coli) expression system was confirmed by in-silico cloning/codon optimization. CONCLUSION(S): Further, in-vitro and in-vivo experimental validation studies are required to endorse our current findings. Copyright © 2022 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA.
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Background: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is new bandit amidst present COVID-19 pandemic, it is an acute and lethal opportunistic fungal infection affecting immunocompromised and diabetic patients. Since the disease has got high morbidity and mortality despite aggressive treatment, radiologists play a very crucial role in early and accurate diagnosis. Erroneous diagnosis should be refrained by logistic approach and thorough clinico-radiological correlation. Material and methods: Ours was a cross sectional study included six cases after taking written informed consent who recently presented with mucormycosis like symptoms and imaging findings during a period of 1 month, but by detailed clinical and radiological evaluation, we concluded that all these cases were either physiological mimics or extraneous artefacts, this helped greatly in relieving undue anxiety of patients and referral physicians and also avoided unnecessary further workup. This study was conducted after approval by the institutional ethical committee. Results: Our study included 3 males and 3 females of age ranging from 32 to 62 years, all of which had history of COVID-positive having mild to moderate CT severity score who were treated with steroids and oxygen therapy (except one case). The most common presenting symptom was headache followed by nasal congestion. The mucor mimickers encountered were benign black turbinate sign, artifacts due to cosmetic dermal fillers and dental fillings, hemangioma, prolonged prone ventilation, and fungal ball. Conclusions: Amidst the sudden spurt in the number of cases of mucormycosis in our country in the present COVID era, there has been an increase in the number of imaging requisitions. This series of cases aims to sensitize radiologists about the importance of detailed clinical history, thorough clinic-radiological correlation and at times also taking extra efforts to reconnect to patients regarding specific clinical history and avoid fallacious diagnosis.
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Human being all over the world is suffering due to the recent outbreaks of COVID-19 and prevention of viral infections emerges as a critical issue in safe-guarding public health. According to Ayurveda, COVID-19 is considered as an Agantuja Jwar in which Agantu (outside) agent attacking the body. It is Sansar-gajanya (Aupasargika Roga) causing epidemic or pandemic infection. As no treatment is found effective, diet plays an important role to improve immunity towards viral diseases. Relevant references were searched related to diet described in Ayurveda treaties. Scientific research papers related to clinical studies on dietetic drugs were also searched. The concept of balanced diet for healthy living has been explained by various Acharyas of Ayurveda, Acharya Kashyapa mentioned that the stability of an individual health is dependent on Ahara and there is nothing best except diet for sustaining the life of human beings. He has also equated Ahara as Bheshaja (medicine) and nothing else is considered as Mahabheshaja (Superior Medicine). Here treatment is sug-gested as per symptoms available through patients and as per Ayurveda, dietary habits followed during COVID-19 and boosting immunity to fights against pandemic diseases through yoga and Rasayana Chikitsa.
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COVID-19 (Novel coronavirus or corona disease is spreading continuously all over the world. Overloading of ICU and health care system capacity. Along with age factor, community spread, vertical transmission of disease and clinical manifestation is the risk factor for the poor outcomes. The transmission is mainly through respiratory droplets when individual sneezes or coughs and also due to the close contact with an infected individual. Every researcher is in found of preventive measure, and in found of effective treatment for it. As the population is rushing to keep themselves protected from the infection, Ayurveda practitioners are in stress that the kalpas cited in Ayurveda literature will be helpful in strengthening the immunity and to fight against COVID-19. It is an attempt to study the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) it’s clinical diagnostic and management in Ayurveda perspective. Various Samhitas, such as Charaka Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Madhava Nidana articles were referred for this study. According to Ayurveda literature, a unique method of impend-ing a fresh identified illness Rather than centring on the bacteriological eti-ology, Ayurveda encirclements a universal skill for particularising the details of the illness at hand. Till the date, no vaccination is being found for COVID-19 yet, but the concepts given in Vedas have information about diagnostic and management. This attempt is to encourage Ayurveda practitioners and young researcher’s to work on the formulations, which are cited thousands of years ago to breakdown the pathology of disease and work for the development and promotion of Ayurveda. © International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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‘COVID-19’ is a highly infectious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 and it becomes a global pandemic in a very short period. Currently, there is a lack of precise management or vaccine available to counteract this disease which mainly attacks the immune system of a body. To manage COVID-19 exist-ing disease-modifying and anti-virals agents and are being repurposed. Many research types are conducted in the development of particular immunomod-ulators, anti-virals agent or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. In Ayurveda concept of epidemic condition (Janapadodhwanasa) is explained and various mea-sures mentioned for prevention and treatment against such conditions including Rasayan dravyas (immunomodulator drugs). Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is one of an immune-modulator drug in Ayurveda which known to pos-sess properties like antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-antiallergic, antiviral hyperglycaemic etc. This herb chiefly contains com-pounds like glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, sesquiter-penoid, aliphatic compound. Scientific researches on this drug may provide a new approach as well as insight for prevention, management and development of new therapeutic entity to treat COVID-19. The current review focus on researches conducted on properties of Tinospora cordifolia in the view of possible application in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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The novel SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and spread all over the world countries and caused the worst ever pandemic situation. This deadly virus held the entire world to be in high alert. Considering its seriousness, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern. Govt. of India and its all allied organizations are working together and trying hard to control it and avoid the situation of community transmission. Nationwide lockdown helped to control the transmission but after unlock it transmitted speedily in the community, which is the alarming sign for everyone. In this review, the attempt is made to focus on published research articles on coronavirus disease, mode of transmission and disinfection measures, the current state of research, treatment protocol so those common people can understand its gravity and follow the measures stringently.
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The greatness of Ayurveda medicine is that it works on your immune system and helps to build up the body to fight against viral invasions. It is the safest, economical and natural way of self-healing. It can quickly spread among masses from rich to poor all over the country. Ayurveda has been dealing with plenty of herbs for a very long time. These herbs include some rare to prevalent herbs which we can found some in the kitchen even though if that is of any commoners. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the prevalent herbs of Ayurveda available in the kitchen will always be helpful to get through this viral invasion. These herbs are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong. Herbs from the kitchen are not complicated to take as a medicine. Regular use of a few herbs in the straightforward form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of herbs is done which we are available in our kitchen, we are using it in our daily life, and we are getting the benefit of these which a common man might not be fully aware of about.
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There have been so many pandemics since human civilization. COVID-19 is currently causing a world pandemic, and the pandemic related crises have caused enormous negative impacts on both wealth and health globally. Ayurveda, an ancient medical treatise of human civilization, describes some basic principles as tenets of Pandemics in the name of its causes, the effect on human’s health and its management which are same as contemporary sci-ence. There is no specific text as epidemiology in Ayurveda, but according to contemporary theories of epidemiology the principles described in it can be compiled, analyzed, and interpreted. Internet-based search engines revealed that there is very little work done in the field of Ayurveda for epidemiology. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze basic principles of Ayurveda and epidemiology which can cause pandemics and thus interpret their contemporary significance. This article will also explore the literature for the basic concepts and history of pandemics in the light of Ayurveda and contemporary sciences.
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Chyavanprash a known Ayurvedic formulation formulated by sage Chyavan to impart youth, charm, strength & prolonged life. It is very much valued for possessing numerous health benefits with respect to the preventive, curative and promotive aspects of health. Chyavanprash can be consumed throughout the year. Several scientific evidences support its wholesome and safe healthy tonic status that is favorable for all age groups and genders alike. In modern days, it has gained mammoth popularity throughout the world. CP is prepared with Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) as a prime drug with other nutrient rich herbs help to preserve stamina, strength and vitality. Various pre clinical (in vivo & in vitro), Experimental, Analytical and clinical studies conducted on CP and its individual components revealed its various pharmacological activ-ities most of which are suggestive of immunity enhancer and health supple-ments. Hence an attempt is made in the present paper to find out and explore the scientific evidences based on therapeutic potential of CP with respect to immunity and health supplements and make evidences available to the com-mon people to combat the COVID-19 menace effectively.
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Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the professional workers directly acquired infection during this coronavirus outbreak. Coronavirus potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by nCOVID-19 has been declared by pandemic on 11th March 2020 by Word health organisation (WHO). The pre-vious study has reported high susceptibility of respiratory infection in the HCWs. The HCWs are at increased risk for severe respiratory syndrome coro-navirus infection. The spread of coronavirus became global public health event, threatening physical and Mental Health of HCWs. This study reviews the possible risk factors for being infected HCWs and avoid transmission of infection at the workplace. Spreading the coronavirus day by day is the life-threatening condition for Health care workers during a pandemic. The community should understand the HCW’s increased responsibility during this public health emergency and must provide the necessary social support as well. There should be enough protective and preventive measures for avoid-ing transmission in HCWs. Apart from heavy duties HCWs while using PPEs they also have physical and mental exhaustion along with the fear produced out of risk-specific exposures.
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Rasayana is one of the unique branches of Ayurveda & it is suggested to increase ojas. Modern scientific observation’s on Rasayana shows that reju-venating drugs can protect the body against detrimental effects of the atmo-sphere in which we survive, by augmenting the individual’s capability to fight against disease-carrying organism through stimulating the immune system. The Rasayana therapy improves the merits of rasa, build up to it with nutri-ents so one can attain prolonged existence, memories, intellect, freedom from diseases, quality in lustre, complexion and voice, optimal improvement of physique and all sense organs. Rasayana is very useful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from disease. Rasayana herbs have antiox-idant properties which prevent the damage caused by free radicals. According to Ayurveda, Rasayana brings about proper nourishment, growth &enhanced function of all sevens dhatus (tissues). Rejuvenation therapy affects body &mind at the same time it checks the effect of early ageing on both, and enhance the body’s resistance to disease. Considering the grave situation of COVID-19 where effective medicine is yet to be invented, one should develop a healthy immune system for survival. Rasayana drugs provide nutritional sup-plementation along with enhancing immunity to fight against viral infections such as COVID-19.
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COVID-19 has created a lot of hazardous health issues worldwide. Research fraternity around the world is trying to find out vaccine or medicines against the virus. In this pandemic situation, there is a need for remedies to boost the immunity to fight against the virus. Ayurveda treatises have described several herbal drugs which are used as home remedies and are said to be effective against all microorganisms and effective in boosting immunity. Home remedies can be played a vital role as immunomodulant. Hence in this paper, an attempt is made to review such home remedies and identify its efficacy on various conditions. The relevant references were searched on the internet to find out the scientific data available on home remedies. Fumigation, Rasayan drugs, a decoction of herbal medicines found more useful. Tinospra cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa are most decorated single herbal drugs used as home remedies for boosting the immunity. Considering the global disease burden caused by COVID-19, there is an urgent need to explore and widened the use of home remedies to fight against COVID-19 menace effectively.
ABSTRACT
A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and spread globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus as a COVID-19, a global pandemic. This pandemic happened to be followed by some restrictions, and specially lockdown playing the lead-ing role for the people to get disassociated with their personal and social schedules. And now the food is the most necessary thing to take care of. It seems the new challenge for the individual is self-isolation to maintain them-selves on the health basis and fight against the pandemic situation by boosting their immunity. Food organised by proper diet may maintain the physical and mental health of the individual. Ayurveda aims to promote and preserve the health, strength and the longevity of the healthy person and to cure the disease by properly channelling with and without Ahara. In Ayurveda, diet (Ahara) is considered as one of the critical pillars of life, and Langhana plays an important role too. This article will review the relevance of dietetic approach described in Ayurveda with and without food (Asthavidhi visheshaytana & Lanhgan) during COVID-19 like a pandemic.
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The recent outbreak of Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19 in the China and subsequent intermittent spread of infection to other countries has alarmed the medical and scientific community mainly because of lethal nature of this infection. Being a new virus in the category, the immediate emergency therapy is not available for the treatment of this disease, leading to widespread fear of infection and has created social issues for infected peoples. Herein, the epidemiology of COVID-19 infection, transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus spread, effectiveness of preventive measures, coronavirus family, structural characteristics of virus, current literature advances for the diagnostics development (RT-PCR, CT-Scan, Elisa) and possible drug development based virus life cycle (Entry inhibitors, replication inhibitors, nucleoside, nucleotide, protease inhibitors, heterocyclic drugs, including biological therapeutics (monoclonal antibodies therapy, vaccine development) and herbal formulations have been reviewed. The chemical drug molecules with prospective application in the treatment of COVID-19 have been included in the discussion. © ScienceIn Publishing.
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Dhoopan is a procedure in which fumes or smoke produced from defined drug formulations are inhaled/exposed by patients for the therapeutic relief or externally as a cleanser to the environment. There is a significant risk of spread of airborne infections with hospital-acquired infections and to mitigate Dhoopan is safe and effective to prevent such infections. The aim and objec-tives were to review and re-publicize the efficacy of Dhoopan in the prevention of diseases with the published data and Ayurveda compendium. The literature has been searched from database like Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dhara online, other database and Ayurveda compendia from1980 to 2020. Dhoopan is an ancient method of sterilization for Vranitagar (vran/wound healing), Sutikagar, Kumaragar, etc. with preventive as well as curative effi-cacy. Smoke can be facilitated to expose or inhale in various diseases such as cough, coryza, piles, epilepsy, insanity, Asthma and wounds. The content of Dhoop are herbs, animal products (skin, hair, bones, horn, etc.) and miner-als, described in Ayurveda compendia are potent anti-microbial, anti-fungal and antiviral action. Since time immemorial, sages used to clean the environment by Homa-havanadi rituals. However, due to the lacking scientific validation, these Dhoop methods are not popular, which bring attention to research opportunities and understand its safety and efficacy to prevent airborne infections. Dhoopakalpas are beneficial in dealing with airborne infection because of antioxidant and anti-microbial activity with safe, economical and eco-friendly potential. Thus, it can be publicized in the prevention of COVID 19 like a pandemic situation as an adjuvant.
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In the Pandemic of COVID-19, the Whole world is severely affected in many areas, including the health sector. Ayurveda being a holistic science also explains similar condition thousand years back with their aetiology, sign and symptoms and effective management. Such communicable diseases are described under headings such as Janapadodhwansa, Aupasargicvyadhi etc. with their effective management such as Rejuvenation (Rasayana) therapy, Panchakarma procedures, following codes of right conducts (SadvritaaPalan, AacharRasayana). Till date, there is no established protocol for the management of COVID-19 like disorders, the only option left with us is a preventive aspect, and that is the first aim of Ayurveda. To make body and mind healthy and capable of fighting against any disease, is possible by following principles of Ayurveda. AacharaRasayana is advised for the same purpose, which is a code of conduct aimed in providing excellent mental, physical, social and spiritual health without having any medicine. Due to the change in lifestyle and not following the codes of conduct, we are becoming more prone to various diseases. Therefore, it must be implemented in the community to obtain the full span of life without disease. This article explains the Ayurvedic view ofAacharRasayana as a Preventive aspect in COVID-19 like diseases.